The Forgotten Sioux: An Ethnohistory of the Lower Brule Reservation  By Ernest Lester Schusk  p43   [Joshua] Pilcher gave a glimpse of the background of the employees comprising the Yankton Agency in 1838. Zaphier Rencontre was a Dakota interpreter born at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin; A. Primeau, the Ponca interpreter, was born in Canada; ... Pilcher's dedication led him to the superintendency of Indian affairs in September, 1838, upon the death of William Clark. He served as superintendent only until September, 1841 [A./Antoine Primeau is the son of Pierre Primeau, first Primeau to translate/interpret the Ponca language for the US government, at least since the Ponca-US treaty of 1825. Pierre Primeau was born in Québec, Canada. most assuredly his son, by a Ponca woman, was born in or around Ponca territory ... USA Missouri Territory, today's northern Nebraska. -tpk 2jan2015] ---- Reports of Committees: 30th Congress, 1st Session - 48th Congress, 2nd Session  By United States. Congress. Senate  1880 REMOVAL OF THE PONCA INDIANS. 169 ALFRED S. RIGGS. Washington, D.C., March 2, 1880. By. Mr. Dawes: Question. Where do you reside? -Answer. At the Santee Indian Agency, in the State of Nebraska. Q. How long have you resided there? -A. About nine years and a half. Q. As an official, or as a private citizen? -A. As missionary of the American Board of Missions.  Q. Having a sort of religious care of the people there? -A. Yes, sir.  ... REMOVAL OF THE PONCA INDIANS. 185 By the CHAIRMAN: Q. If there is, then, on file in the records of the Indian Bureau what purports to be the minutes of the last council held there--minutes signed by Le Claire himself, and purporting to be written by him, or at his dictation -- they are a forgery? -A. Yes, sir. Q. His memory failed him, or they were forged? -A. His memory failed him, or there is a mistake somewhere.  ... Q. If there is what purports to be the minutes of the last council held by Inspector Kemble with the Indian, containing Le Claire's certificate, "I certify that I faithfully interpreted the speeches made by the Indians at the council held January 27, 1877, and that the above minutes contain a correct report of the same," and signed "Charles Le Claire, his mark"-- 186 REMOVAL OF THE PONCA INDIANS.  Q. Do you know Antoine Primeau? - A. Yes, sir. Q. If he should give a certificate of the same kind ["I certify that I was present at the above council, and that I understand the Ponca language, and that the above minutes are correct"], what would you say about that? - A. He would not know anything about what was in the minutes. ... Q. I want to get to understand this matter, if I can. If you were to find in the Interior Department a paper professing to bear the mark of Antoine Primeau, certifying tot he correctness of the minutes of the council, in what kind of a muddle would that eave the matter in your mind; that there had been no such minutes made or that they had not been interpreted to Primeaux, or what? -A Before attaching any value to it, I would want the testimony of the man who interpreted it.  Q. Do you know James Lawrence? -A. Yes, sir. Q. Who was he? -A. He was an Indian agent.  Q. If he witnessed the signature of Primeau, is he a man who would do it without knowing whether Primeau understood what he was signing or not? -A. I do not think he would be very careful to know what was on the paper. If he supposed that the paper was all right, he would not give any further attention to the matter.  ---- [Lone Chief aka Antoine Primeaux - Ponca/French-Canadian] [Antoine E-Nan Ni-Ka-Ga-Hi / Ash-Nan-E-Ka-n-ga-hi /Ash-nan-e-kah-gah-he "Lone Chief" Primeaux, Chief of the Mixbloods Birthdate: circa 1800 Death: (Date and location unknown) Immediate Family: Son of Pierre Primeau, son of Pierre and Unknown Ponca 2 Father of Robert On-Pon-Ton-Ga / Ump-Pa-Tonga "Big Elk" Primeaux and Susette / Zazette Primeaux Brother of Julie Primeaux Half brother of Missing Generations Of Primeaux, Possibly descended from Antoine Primeaux. Unknown.; Charles Primeau, son of Pierre Primeau & Unknown Ponca 1; Josephte Primeau; Marguerite Primeau; Pierre Primeau and 10 others Managed by: Private User Last Updated: July 12, 2012] www.geni.com/people/Antoine-Primeaux/6000000011591007339 ----